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An Essay on the Principle of Population, by Thomas Malthus
Free Ebook An Essay on the Principle of Population, by Thomas Malthus
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One of the most influential works of its era on the subject of population growth Thomas Malthus's "An Essay on the Principle of Population" was first published anonymously in 1798. In it Malthus describes his "Iron Law of Population" which asserts that growing populations ultimately lead to a rising supply of labor that would inevitably lower wages and create an increasing rate of poverty. More specifically Malthus argues "The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race." In other words while population has the capacity to grow at an exponential rate the resources that support mans existence, i.e. food and shelter, can only grow at an algebraic rate. While ultimately time would prove Malthus's predictions to be wrong, for they did not foresee the impact of technology on productivity, the work was nonetheless highly influential to both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in developing the theory of natural selection. The work would also stir the debate around the impact of population growth and lead to the first national census laws in Britain.
- Sales Rank: #718830 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-01-01
- Released on: 2013-01-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Thomas Malthus (1766–1834), was a British scholar, influential in political economy and demography. Malthus popularized the economic theory of rent. Malthus has become widely known for his analysis according to which societal improvements result in population growth. The six editions of his Principles of Population, published from 1798 to 1826, predict that sooner or later population gets checked by famine, disease, and widespread mortality. He wrote in the context of the popular view, in 18th century Europe, that saw society as improving, and in principle as perfectible. William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract, a form of popular sovereignty. Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would preclude endless progress towards a utopian society: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man". As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behavior. Believing that one could not change human nature, and that egalitarian societies were prone to over-population], Malthus wrote in dramatic terms: "epidemics, pestilence and plague advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and ten thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow, levels the population with the food of the world". Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticized the Poor Laws, and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat. He thought these measures would encourage domestic production, and so promote long-terms of benefit. Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Many of those whom subsequent centuries sometimes term "evolutionary biologists" also read him, notably Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, for each of whom Malthusianism became an intellectual stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus remains a writer of great significance, and debate continues as to whether his direst expectations will come about.
Most helpful customer reviews
18 of 21 people found the following review helpful.
A Classic of Reason and A Classic for a Reason
By Amazon Customer
From the Introduction: "Malthus began with two physiological assumptions: humans must have food, and the sex drive will always be a fundamental part of our make-up. (Both assumptions had been called into question, half-seriously, by Godwin.) His next assertions were less self-evident but crucial to the argument: an unchecked population grows at a 'geometric' rate, as in the series 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and the means of subsistence can only be increased at an 'arithmetic' rate, as in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Because man's powers of reproduction so greatly exceed his powers of food production, population will always press against the available resources. Thus a substantial portion of society is condemned to live at the ragged edge of subsistence. Any significant rise in general living standards will trigger a period of earlier marriages and lower mortality, bringing faster growth of population than of food supplies. Per capita consumption, having risen temporarily above 'subsistence' level, will be forced back down to that level, or even below it. Almost as famous as this grim analysis, which prompted Thomas Carlyle to dub economics the 'dismal science', is the conceptual apparatus that supports it. Malthus argued that population was held within resource limits by two types of 'checks': positive ones, which raised the death rate, and preventative ones, which lowered the birth rate. The positive checks included hunger, disease, and war; the preventative checks, abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage, and celibacy. All of these population retardants, without exception, led mankind into 'misery' or 'vice'. Thus commentators have mapped out four Malthusian quadrants of woe: positive of misery (disease; malnutrition) or of vice (the waging of war), and preventative checks of misery (the postponement of marriage; celibacy) or of vice (prostitution; birth control).
Let me first say, most emphatically, that Malthus was not wrong; anyone who believes that Malthus was wrong is either misguided, or simply restating something they heard another misguided person say. The fact of the matter is that Malthus has never been a popular figure (it's rumored that Charles Dickens based his character Ebenezer Scrooge on Malthus) and in today's extremely bi-partisan environment - it's a pretty safe bet to say that he would be sitting in the Republican aisle of Congress. Nevertheless, and all politics aside, much of what has been attributed to Malthus has been reverse-engineered to make him sound like a cold-hearted elitist prude, which he wasn't. I only recommend reading this book and making up your own mind.
Lastly, this is really one of my favorite polemics, so naturally I am biased; however, I can't help but see Malthus in many of my other favorite books: Jared Diamonds - Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition, Garrett Hardin's - Living within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos, Nafeez Ahmed - A User's Guide to the Crisis of Civilisation: And How to Save it, or Chris Martenson's - The Crash Course: The Unsustainable Future Of Our Economy, Energy, And Environment. I think the ideas of 'The Tragedy of the Commons', 'The Tyranny of Small Decisions', and even the great big theory of 'Darwinian Evolution', all have their genesis in Thomas Malthus and An Essay on the Principle of Population. This is a great book - possibly required reading even - and at about 175 pages, including the Introduction, I think everyone might want to read it.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Koyaanisquatsi
By Greg Afuso
Don't make the mistake of reading this book as text book for possible consequences of human overpopulation but read it as a remarkable essay based on a Christian sermon given in circa 1790 postulating the future of the world upon the advent of the great quantum leap of human development which was the Industrial Revolution. I think that Malthus' basic self-evident postulate of, "(A) population cannot increase without the means of subsistence", seems so simple as to be moronic but given the real possibility of the human population today as potentially acting as an evasive species upon the entire planet, the ramifications of this simple statement seem as relevant as ever. I don't think Malthus in his wildest imagination could have predicted that the scientific and industrial revolution that began in 1800 would enable the human population to go from just under 1 billion people at the time of the writing of his book to 8 billion people in a span of only a little over 200 years, (Incidentally it would take 300 years for an individual to just count to 8 billion!). So Hey! As someone who has worked on a farm and have also tried to live off of hunting and gathering, I have always been very skeptical of the prospect of the planet Earth NEVER reaching a saturation in terms of its potential for production of calories for human existence. And then one day, while researching the Milankovitch theory for a speech I was going to make on Human Migration, I accidentally find tucked away in some obscure report that the U.N. has indicated that we have reached the peak production of many grains, produce and other plant based foodstuffs and will never be able to increase production. While doing the research I also stumbled upon the Maltusian Theory and heck I recommend this little book of ideas to be read by anyone who feels like me, that there is something is funny about the world but can't quite figure out what it is. And what is that nagging feeling of doom? Don't read any further if you want to read Malthus for yourself...otherwise here it is: Malthus indicates that man's need for perpetual prosperity is indeed the ultimate mark of hubris which will eventually lead to the fall of mankind and that there is a divine, natural cycle for man which has been exercised for the previous 1 million years, (And needs to be once more)...Sustainability.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Ben Bailey
as expected
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